The Salem Witch Trials, the Crucible, and McCarthyism :: Arthur Miller McCarthyism

The Salem Witch Trials, the Crucible, and McCarthyism Verifiable Overview and Brief Analysis In the midst of millenniums of discussion, contention, and struggle concerning racial prejudges and those issues which encompass their usage, there has reliably existed a specific recorded partiality in regards to different cliché thoughts for those things which individuals can't comprehend or clarify coherently. While increasingly contemporary instances of such conditions incorporate ideas, for example, McCarthyism, it is commonly acknowledged that the most great case of all such social catastrophes dependent on dread and obliviousness is that of the provincial period's Salem Witch Trials. While McCarthyism was shown as a broad dread of socialism that drove the United States to seek after superfluous examinations, detainments, and frequently ridiculous acts against the individuals who were regularly just remotely blamed for being a feared socialist, the Salem witch preliminaries prompted well over twelve executions of neighborhood ladies blamed for rehearsing black magic and straightforwardly connecting themselves with fiendish enchantment. In spite of the fact that the two verifiable periods were equal in their inclination and substance, it very well may be contended the a lot before witch preliminaries were the more seriously harsh and silly as they rendered a consistent pattern of silly passings with practically zero equity ever common. The Salem witch preliminaries were held during the year 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Starting in May of that year, the procedures prompted the balancing passings of nineteen associated witches and the detainment with numerous others over the five months that would follow. The court scenes of those being gone after for witchery were finished, and articulate crimes of equity. Ladies were really thought about liable as denounced until demonstrated guiltless. Notwithstanding the known hangings, other unfeeling types of discipline, for example, the copying of witches on a stake and the moderate painful human crushings by block are confirm to have existed as Salem's equity for their supposed witches. (Earthy colored., Pages 37-41;43). That which is said to have started the preliminaries and related madness has become an authentic incongruity presently and is the subject of numerous contemporary jokes and dramatic exhibitions. Brought about by the allegations of a couple of little youngsters against ladies in the Salem people group; a unique court was gathered; and preliminaries developed rapidly into socially cliché biases with respect to any ladies seen carrying on of or performing witchery. Inside time the social tumult didn't avoid Salem's progressively renowned ladies as the neighborhood governors spouse was even embroiled in allegations of black magic.

Community service Essays - Civil Society, Free Labor, Volunteerism

A few people accept that unpaid network administration ought to be a mandatory piece of secondary school programs (for instance working for a cause, improving the area or instructing sports to more youthful youngsters). What exactly degree do you concur or oppose this idea? I am an absolutely positive advocator for the possibility that secondary school understudies ought to do some chipping in network administration as an obligatory piece of their normal educational plan. This purpose of my view is upheld by the accompanying reasons. For one, it will be useful for understudies to develop a superior comprehension of the network they live with by useful way and afterward build up their thinking about the general public all in all and the individuals who live in. in this way they can grow up as an average resident with feeling of compassion when more seasoned. Additionally, it has been ordinarily perceived that doing such network benefits as chipping in educating or noble cause work, is strategy for realizing which has been viewed as an enhancement of the present tutoring framework. In contrast to information instruction, understudies will have progressively physical work to do which has been demonstrated to assume a critical job of supporting their administration aptitudes and relational abilities that will assist them with involving in the general public later on after their graduation. On that term, it is no uncertainty a fundamental piece of self-imp rovement. Be that as it may, there are some sensible concerns appeared for this activity. A few guardians stress that it may prompted a contention with other fundamental subject with the constrained time and ability of human investigation. In the mean time, it is a test for the understudy to make sense of the genuine importance behind for doing such unpaid help and afterward become an exercise in futility. it certainly have the likelihood to happen, by one way or another in the event that we attempt to make the thoughtful plan and do some guided guidance ahead, these anticipated issue can be fixed positively. No questions, to cause the unrest to occur in a positive manner need our teachers to invest additional energy. By one way or another it is certainly worth to pursue the more splendid standpoint for the world. All things considered, the time has come to give a support to the pioneer instructive endeavor.

Application of Learning Theories to Teaching

Utilization of Learning Theories to Teaching Hypotheses AND PRINCIPLES FOR PLANNING AND ENABLING LEARNING Undertaking 1 Learning Styles Learning styles sway on each part of our lives: how we assemble data, how we use it and how we connect it together are completely dictated by our learning style. Nicholls Le Versha 2003, p. 57 Learning styles, or psychological styles, allude to how people learn in various manners and are of specific significance to instructors who wishes to make comprehensive and compelling learning circumstance. Learning styles are separated basically, however not solely, into the three gatherings of visual students, aural students and sensation students. While the principal bunch learns best by observing data, for example, on the board or outwardly illustrated, the subsequent gathering learns aurally and necessities to hear what's going on. The third gathering sees best in a hands-on, material way, for example, holding the materials or working on working with them. The significance of providing food for learning styles connects to the significance of seeing how best to cook for intellectual turn of events. Learning style explore has its underlying foundations in the humanistic social constructivism produced by Vygotsky and his follows. Here the pressure is on the communication of socio-s ocial factors in the advancement of the individual and it is anything but difficult to perceive that it is so important to make data accessible to understudies at various levels and in this way consider their individual way to deal with learning. Inspiration Inspiration is an intricate region and can hugy affect student accomplishment and conduct which implies that persuasive encouraging techniques should be painstakingly thought of. Outward inspiration is basically a behaviorist idea in that specific practices are empowered by remunerations, running from applause to cash. The utilization of extraneous inspiration in instructing relates to Pavlov and Skinner’s early work in that the prize is utilized to incite certain practices, for example, acclaim for finishing a test bringing about a positive way to deal with the following content. Characteristic inspiration is a greater amount of an interior main thrust that may originate from factors as different as interest to pleasure. It could be contended that advancement of the previous idea tends towards rivalry while the last is progressively centered around singular accomplishment through progress. Rivalry is regularly observed as a negative and seen as ‘undermining understudy m otivation’ (p. 275) in that it de-persuades the individuals who reliably flop just as giving minimal impetus to the individuals who as of now measure up. In this manner, to energize and comprehensive methodology implies giving wellsprings of inspiration that best suit the understudy however consistently expect to accomplish inherent, progress based accomplishment. Low Literacy At an increasingly even minded level, the effect of low education (and numeracy) upon student’s certainty and learning can be gigantic. Whatever the reason, be it understudies with English as a subsequent language, or those battling with work that is past their passionate age or psychological stage, it is basic for the instructor to survey proficiency levels through an indicative appraisal and plan likewise. It might be that understudies metalinguistic (how language works) mindfulness can be developed utilizing the subject, for example, working through a comprehension of acids and alkali’s as they identify with magnificence treatment. Its utilization just as content to create education has additionally invigorated a huge assortment of research (for example Larson Marsh 2005). This territory merits definitely more consideration than the short notice given here, yet it is additionally a region that may profit by an activity investigate approach whereby the education syste ms of the class are surveyed, watched, dissected and followed up on in a continuous intelligent cycle. Study hall Environment The learning condition and its effect upon understudies have additionally created an impressive collection of writing. While Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (1970) took a gander at a nonexclusive arrangement of reactions to conditions, an increasingly all encompassing comprehension of the situations that influence a student’s learning have been concentrated by those, for example, Bronfenbrenner (1998) who conceptualized an assortment of natural frameworks, from the smaller scale to the large scale. The microsystem includes the individual’s direct cooperations with others while the macrosystems consider the socio-social qualities and ‘norms’ (Krause et al. 2003, p. 264) . The study hall condition not just needs to give a sheltered, secure and steady climate, it additionally needs to give a comprehensive setting to all people which means taking elements, for example, sex, race, ethnicity, age and stage and so on into thought. Close by these runs the instructors own showing styles †lenient, legitimate or dictator (Whitton et al. 2004, 185) †and how they react to the understudies. Compelling Planning and Intelligence On the off chance that the objective of instructing is to give learning conditions that work to all understudies, at that point unmistakably arranging is a vital component. To take one piece of the showing cycle, arranging, is to take a gander at one part of this immense region. In a constructivist worldview, arranging needs to both create information and play to understudies qualities. Instead of take a gander at this fundamentally, as in arranging utilizing agreeable gatherings, entire class or individual working, this area considers understandings of insight, for example, Gardner’s different insights (Krause et al 2003, p. 201) and Sternberg’s triarchic model of knowledge (in the same place p. 202). Likewise with learning styles, inability to design viably so as to energize a scope of psychological qualities may go about as disincentive. Sternberg separated between logical, innovative and commonsense insights and proposed applying these to the educational plan. They give a helpful methodology to comprehensive educating. Errand 2 Commitment Theory While this has its underlying foundations in separation learning and its utilization (Kearlsey Shneiderman 1999), the premises whereupon it is based show up especially helpful to powerful, comprehensive arranging. One of the essential standards is to get ready for genuine learning through understudy association and arrangement of important undertakings. Besides, this is basically a constructivist approach planned for empowering the individual’s interpretation and disguise of information through guided movement to different zones of proximal turn of events. Thirdly, in the same way as arranged learning, commitment hypothesis is supported by a desire to make learning encounters that characteristically spur through presenting understudies to certifiable critical thinking circumstances. The degrees of commitment additionally identifies with comprehensive getting ready for learning styles and numerous insights. Concerning getting ready for commitment, exercises need to incorporate a scope of showing methodologies, for example, addressing, thinking, investigating, making and judging. This includes making functional, educational program connected circumstances and planning the exercise around them. For instance, one exercise may include a situation, examination of that situation, pretend of the occasions, making choices and evaluating last perception. This strategy takes into consideration a comprehensive methodology intended to permit data to be made accessible to understudies in an assortment of ways and arrangements. Standards of Empowerment This is likewise a to some degree conventional guideline yet it applies to showing effectively. One of the basic objectives is to set understudies up for progress by guaranteeing the assignments are age and stage proper and that they stretch the understudy towards their zones of proximal improvement while guaranteeing fruitful results. Another part of this rule is that understudies assume liability for their learning. Responsibility for improvement has been demonstrated to be a ground-breaking inspiration and inspiration is perceived a key component to learning. Inspiration lives altogether in the individual spurred. It tends to be motivated and energized by others however not given. Leamnson 1999, p. 54 A third component of this guideline alludes to understudy decision. While the learning necessities continue as before, the decision of learning technique, asset use and strategy might be utilized to permit understudies to pick their supported methodology. Intending to enable understudies and along these lines connect with them in their adapting by and by implies providing food for all learning styles and making arrangements for decision. Working in the territory of Beauty treatment takes into account extensive decision of approach and fits functional preparing. This means assets and exercises must be all around organized and arranged before execution yet it likewise implies understudies can locate various methods for accomplishing the necessary learning. An analysis is that understudies won't be required to utilize their less preferred approach and along these lines create territories they feel less certain about. Errand 3 Reflection I find that providing food for all learning styles is an undeniably progressively complex zone that needs more thought. For instance, at one level cooking for learning styles implies giving data such that an individual can take in. Be that as it may, at another level, it likewise requires an increasingly comprehensive diagram that thinks about the understudies socio-social qualities and ‘norms’. In this manner, incorporating this outline inside my arranging cycle requires a few contemplations. For instance, it requires the permitting of space and thought for examining and surveying the student’s foundation information, understandings and worth frameworks. This will reinforce my comprehension of how best to speak with singular understudies and bolster their own feeling of significant worth and security inside the study hall. It is foreseen that this methodology will take into consideration a superior thought of understudy solace and view of security through giving natural arrangements and setting up a safe place. As Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs appeared,

War In Yemen Bloody War Between Supporters Of The Government - 275 Words

War In Yemen: Bloody War Between Supporters Of The Government (Essay Sample) Content: War in YemenCourse DetailsInstructorDateWar in YemenFor more than three years now, Yemen has been entangled by a bloody war between supporters of the government (which is internationally recognized) and the Houthi rebels. The government of Yemen and the Houthi rebels have battled since 2014, however much of this fighting was confined to the Houthi stronghold, Saada province northern Yemen CITATION Enn18 \l 1033 (Ennasari, 2018). The war escalated in September 2014 when the Houthi rebels managed to take control of the capital city of Yemen, Saada and proceed to push further downwards towards the countrys second biggest city of Aden. In response to these advances by the rebels a contingent of Arab countries being led by the Saudi government launched a military campaign against the rebels and managed to restore the Saudi government.The big question however is how did the war start? This conflict traces its roots to the failure of a political power transition that was perceived as bring economic and political stability to Yemen. This was as a result of an Arab uprising which forced the then president of Yemen Ali Abdulla Saleh, to give political power to the then deputy president, Abdrabbuh Mansour Hadi. The new president struggled to with various issues that concerned the political stability of this improvised nation. Some of the things that he struggled with included confrontation by the al-Qaeda to the south, the continued support of the former president by some military officials and the huge rate of food insecurity CITATION Sau17 \l 1033 (Saul Parisa, 2017).The Houthi rebellion, that had championed Zaidi Shia and fought various wars of rebellion against the former president, capitalized on the weakness of the current president and proceeded to take control of the northern province of Saada and some of its neighboring areas. Disillusioned and discontented with the then transition of power, most Yemenis including Sunni Muslims pledged thei r support for the Houthi movement. With this nature of support, the Houthi movement gained a lot of strength which led then to take over Sanna, the capital city of Yemen. The rebellion movement together with the security forces allied to President Saleh then attempted to seize the entire country by targeting other cities. This forced the current president to escape the country in March 2015.International countries had a huge influence on how the war in Yemen developed. For instant, the Iran government was accused of backing the rebellion. Concerned by the rise and growth of a rebellion group that was believed to get support from the military of the Shia power Iran, Eight Arabian countries being led by Saudi Arabia begun an airstrike campaign against the rebel with the objective of restoring the President Hadis government CITATION Enn18 \l 1033 (Ennasari, 2018). Over the years there had been back and forth military campaign between Houthi rebellion and Mr. Hadi forces that is being backed by the Sunni Arabian countries.The Saudi government, has been particularly on the fore front in leading the air strike campaign against the rebels. To the Saudi Arabians, they actions is believed to stop the advances of the rebel group which they believe is being supported by some terrorist organisation and Iran. The Saudi government aim is to restore President Hadis authority who they believe is capable of bring back political stability to the region. Primarily, the Saudis are mostly concerned with the rise of Shia power in the region which threatens to topple the rule of the Sunnis. Basically the war in Yemen Has now escalated to a battle between the Sunni Muslims and the Shia Muslims CITATION Kar18 \l 1033 (Karam, 2018).Saudi Arabia has for a long time shared a long and porous border with the Yemen and the main fear that the Saudi government has is that the Iranian expansionism through its support for the Syrian government may slip into the country and destabilize the p olitical stability that currently exist in the region. Information from the Arab Gulf course has often state that Iran has now gained control of four Arabic capitals including: Damascus, Baghdad, Sanaa and Beirut. With complete control of Yemen through their support for the rebel movement, the Iran government will have significant influence in the region which will shift the balance of power in the Arab word. This will increase the dominance of the Shias in the region which the Saudi-led countries is viewing as a threat to the economic and political stability of the region CITATION Sau17 \l 1033 (Saul Parisa, 2017). This is the main reason why Saudi Arabia have taken a strong stance towards the support of the Yemen government to protect both the civilians and the economic prosperity of the region. The Saudi led coalition is comprised of countries such as UAE, Kuwait, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco and Senegal.The Houthi rebels, on the other hand, have also received there fair support fro m the Iran government. Iran government is providing military support to the rebellion by sending more advance and complicated military weapons and advisers to the rebels. Through these actions, the Iran government believes that it is stepping up support for their Shia ally in the civil war which threatens to shift the balance of power in the Middle East region. Information from credible source states that over the last few years, the Iran government has taken a critical role in the war in Yemen by increasing their supplies of arms and other military support to the rebel group. This is the same strategy the Iran government has used to support its ally in the Syrian war CITATION The18 \l 1033 (The Atlantic daily, 2018). The Iranian military officials, through a meeting in Tehran resolved to takes several steps to empower the Houthis rebellion. In this meeting, the generals came to an agreement to step up the amount of help through provision of arms, training and financial support for the Houthi rebels.Although the Iranian government is presently denying arming the Houthi rebels, the US military is claiming to have intercepted the shipment of arms from Iran to Yemen in March and they claim that this is the third time that they are intercepting such Shipment.Information from a senior US general has stated that the involvement of the Iran government in the Houghs military campaign has reached a level where they are helping the rebels to target ships that belong to the Saudi-led coalition fighting in Yemen. This active support for the rebellion group has caused a lot of damage to the region. The Houthi rebellion is known to be very vicious especially to the civilians. The rebellion is well known to destabilize the humanitarian condition in the region and harassing innocent civilians especially those who do not conform to their ideology. With the support of the Iran government, the military position of the rebellion has greatly improved which means that they can now advance their agenda more viciously. This has further deteriorated the humanitarian conditions in the region and increased the amount of terrorist activity in the region.Iran is a Shia dominated country while Saudi is a Sunni dominated country. As mentioned earlier, this war has escalated to the war between various religious factions. Looking at these situation critically, we can see that the Shia are fighting the Sunni and Vice-versa with the main objective of gaining control of the Middle East and the entire Arab world. For instant, the Houthi rebellion which is majorly comprised of the Shia tribe are fighting Sunni led government. The Iran government on the other side, which is led by the Shia are providing arms and financial help to the rebellion as a means of empowering the Shia influence in the region. This move has been largely criticized by the Saudi-led coalition who in turn have announced and provided support to the Yemen government as an initiative that is largely b elieved to restore political stability in the region as well as advance Sunni influence.The coalition troops being led by Saudi Arabia landed its military campaign in the month of august 2015 and drove the Houthis rebellion and their ally from most of the Southern part country which they had taken control of CITATION Joh18 \l 1033 (Johnston, 2018). This has significantly reduced the advances of the rebellion group and thwarted their operations even after they had taken control of the countrys capital. After Houthi seized the capital city Sanna, the Yemen government have established its base in Aden.The massive campaign by the Houthi rebellion has led to a diminishing standards of life in the region. The have been a lot of civilian casualties as a result of the war as well as massive displacement. For instant the provision of aid to the civilian is very difficult especially with the advances of the Houthi rebellion group. The aid Organisations, including some international organis ation are finding it very difficult to provide aid in the region such as food, medical services and other essentials CITATION Mic18 \l 1033 (Michael, 2018). The Houthi seize of part of the Taiz city has prevented medical and food supply from entering this part of the city. With the prevention of medical and food supply by the rebels, most of the Yemen civilians have been subjected to hanger and poor medical conditions for a very long time CITATION Kar18 \l 1033 (Karam, 2018). Aids agency have now warned that most parts of Yemen, especially those that are under the control of the Houthi rebel, will start to experience widespread starvation and death from famine. As the war continues more and more people are beginning to rely on aid which is not reaching them.Presently, Yemen is considered to be the worlds largest humanitarian emergency. About 18 million people have been subjected...

The Planet Mercury as a School Science Fair Project

Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, and this makes it unique in our solar system. There are many interesting facts about this planet, and it is the perfect topic for a school science fair project. Middle and high school students can take a science fair project about Mercury in a number of directions. The display can be interactive and include a model of the planet, as well as amazing space photographs. Why Is Mercury Special? A science fair is meant to be a students exploration of a single science topic, and Mercury is often overlooked when it comes to the planets. In fact, it is a planet that we know very little about. In 2008, NASAs Messenger spacecraft sent back some of the first images of the planet since the 1970s, and it just crashed on the planet in 2015. The pictures and data scientists collected from this mission makes now a better time than ever to study Mercury at a science fair. Mercury and the Sun A day on Mercury lasts longer than the time it takes the planet to revolve once around the Sun. If you were standing near Mercurys equator: the Sun would appear to rise, then briefly set again, before resuming its path across the sky. During this time, the size of the Sun in the sky would seem to grow and shrink as well. The same pattern would repeat as the sun set — it would dip below the horizon, briefly rise again, then return below the horizon. Mercury Science Fair Project Ideas What is Mercurys place in the solar system? Build a scale model of our solar system to show where Mercury is and how big it is in comparison to other planets.What are the features of Mercury? Could the planet sustain some kind of life? Why or why not?What is Mercury made of? Explain the core and the atmosphere of the planet and relate those elements to things we find on Earth.How does Mercury orbit the sun? Explain the forces at work when the planet orbits the sun. What keeps it in place? Is it moving further away?What would a day look like if you were standing on Mercury? Design an interactive display or video that shows people how the light would change.What did NASAs Messenger mission to Mercury find? In 2011, the Messenger spacecraft reached Mercury and gave us a new look at the planet. Explore the findings or the instruments used to send them back to Earth.Why does Mercury look like our moon? Examine the craters of Mercury, including the one named for John Lennon and the one mad e when Messenger crashed there in 2015.

A Study On Infectious Disease - 1222 Words

Trhia Vu N01390867 Palm Beach IAI Script- Secondary Peritonitis A) Pharmacist: Student pharmacist, I would like to go over John Smith’s case with you today so we can discuss the appropriate therapy for him. A) Pharmacy Student: Sounds great! I am currently learning about infectious disease. This will help test my knowledge and really help me become a great clinician. A) Pharmacist: Let’s get to it! John Smith is a 19-year-old male who arrived at the emergency room complaining of nausea and vomiting beginning soon after experiencing pain on the right side of his lower abdomen and lack of appetite for the past 14 hours. He has a temperature of 101.2 F, also tachypnea with no known drug allergies. What labs and test do you think we should†¦show more content†¦Pharmacy student, based on your knowledge, can you interpret these results for me? B) Pharmacy student: Sure, his elevated white blood cell count is an indication of a bacterial infection. We can also look at the bands to see if it is elevated as well, it should be less than 5%. The CT scan helped clarify the diagnosis appendicitis because his appendix is larger than 6 mm in diameter. There is inflammation in the surrounding peritoneal fat possibly due to impacted mass of feces causing the obstruction and the free fluid indicates spillage of contents into the peritoneal cavity. B) Pharmacist: Very well done student pharmacist. We will need to ensure this patient has adequate IV fluids to prevent dehydration. What other labs should we order for JS? B) Pharmacy Student: We would need to obtain a sample of the peritoneal fluid using paracentesis, and then perform a gram stain and blood culture to see if there is bacterial growth. B) Pharmacist: We will check back on those labs as soon as they are received. JS does appear to have secondary peritonitis, most commonly appendicitis. How can we classify this? C) Pharmacy student: The most appropriate classification for JS’s appendicitis is high-risk community acquired infection. C) Pharmacist: That is correct! What are the most common pathogens for this type of infection, student pharmacist? C) Pharmacy student: We must cover our gut bacteria and use agents with broader coverage of gram-negative pathogen E.

Modified Atmosphere Packaging free essay sample

This type of packaging helps inhibit spoilage. The leading cause of spoilage of food is the growth of microbes such as bacteria, yeast, mould, that are present to our surroundings, in or on our bodies as well. Such microbes’ turn food products bad and makes the food change its appearance over time spent when exposed to air. There are additional means to control these bacteria, including regulating the moisture levels, the pH levels, along with monitoring storage time and temperature suitable for the designated food. Scope of Study: The aim of this investigation is to find out how Modified Atmosphere Packaging affects the hospitality industry. Mainly focusing about grocers, price change, consumers, and other types of packaging that are similar to MAP. The focus questions that are going to be answered are: 1. What are Modified Atmosphere and Controlled Packaging? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of packaging? 3. The impact it made on both hospitality industry and consumers. Methodology: In this report I will be using primary and secondary resources. I will be conducting surveys as a primary resource and using the internet and videos as my secondary resource. For my surveys, I used a site called www. urveymonkey. com. I have gathered about 23 surveys in total. On the internet I will be trying to get information related to my sub-questions listed above. Using the opinion of others gives another dimension into this report. Giving me factual information that I have conducted and gathered of twenty-three people surveyed. This is to further understand the real â€Å"impact† it’s making in the Hospitality Industry from an â€Å"experienced† individual. What are Modified Atmosphere and Controlled Atmosphere Packaging? MAP is a new type of food packaging that has been recently invented to slow down spoilage. It is the attachment of food in a package where the atmosphere inside the package is modified or changed. The pack is flushed with a gas or a combination of gases, filling the pack in different concentrations at its finest levels and quantities for the product being transported is injected into the container after being sealed. The common gases used for MAP are oxygen (O? ), nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO? ). This is commonly increasing and/or decreasing the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in a food package. Nitrogen is frequently used in this type of packaging. This is to reduce the concentration of other gases injected into a package. (apl, 2012) Red meat needs a high level concentration of oxygen to maintain and preserve the red colour of it. Whereas bread needs low oxygen output to avoid mould and vegetables usually needs two or three gases injected to the pack. MAP is commonly used in food packages and drugs (MAP, 2012). There is another type of packaging similar to MAP. This is called Control Atmosphere Packaging also known as â€Å"CAP†, this is when an attempt is made to control the arrangement of the pack and the food stored in it with two or more types of gases. Not only increasing shell life, it also keeps insects and pests away since most insects and pest cannot live without oxygen. CAP is usually packed in gas resistant packages. The common gases used in the packaging are carbon dioxide (CO? ), oxygen (O? ), nitrogen (N) as well as the temperature and humidity is also regulated. â€Å"There are also traces of carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, ozone, argon, and ethanol vapour and sulphur dioxide† (Food Processing, 2012), (MAP, 2012). Figure 1: Examples of products that benefit from Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Packaging. http://www. postharvest. com. au/MAP_article. PDF, 2012) (From Transicold (1995). Controlled Atmosphere Handbook and Optimal Fresh (2000). CSIRO Publishing. ) Figure 1: Examples of products that benefit from Controlled and Modified Atmosphere Packaging. (http://www. postharvest. com. au/MAP_article. PDF, 2012) (From Transicold (1995). Controlled Atmosphere Handbook and Optimal Fresh (2000). CSIRO Publishing. ) T he table shows how much oxygen and carbon dioxide is injected into a package in its corresponding fruit shown. Comparing the storage lives of the fruits in normal air and CA/MAP shows great results. Whereas Apple Gala increased a quarter of its normal shell life, while Pear, Avocado, Broccoli, Bean are doubled its shell life, and the others increased a reasonable amount of days. The temperature means that the temperature regulated. The temperature is regulated while injecting the package and what temperature should the fruits is stored into. Advantages of MAP and CAP: * Shelf life extension: Depending on the product, the time an item can remain displayed at a supermarket can increase for about 40-450%. This means the wastes consumed is minimised where ordering and restocking are more flexible. Thus decreasing the economical loses of supermarkets/grocers. * Quality: The quality remains depending on both retailers and consumers. These packs are sealed and free from product drip and odour. It deteriorates slower as it makes its journey from place to place, whether from the domestic kitchen, fridge or freezer. * Presentation: The package are manufactured, thus the package are encased properly. Giving a clear view of the product, all round visibility and displayed more attractively. The visual display becomes another key to MAP’s sales effectiveness. * Reducing artificial preservatives needs: Today, where having the intent of becoming ‘greener’ as our viewpoint. â€Å"Protecting the environment, there are advantages to getting rid of as many additives as possible. The goal is food, which is NATURALLY fresh and in some cases using MAP means that no artificial preservatives are required at all to achieve a reasonable shelf life† (MPIAust, 2012). Disadvantages of MAP and CAP: * Costs: The costs certainly grow larger within in the range of 50c $5 per package. This is because of the gases, gas packaging machinery and packaging materials used. * Net weight Increases: The volume increases making the item bulkier than any other forms of pack. Therefore they are costlier to carry and store. * Temperature control: The temperature of the pack must be controlled. Certain food products need to be stored in its corresponding temperature. If the temperature is not regulated it could show bad results such as, a change of colour or an off smell. This is because if not controlled and left out for too long the expiry date will not be applicable to use. The impact made: This type of packaging certainly affected both the hospitality industry and our society. This is due to the concept of it is rapidly growing in the food packaging market. â€Å"Also because a longer shelf life means less replacement demand from grocers, manufacturers can also expand their product lines. They can conduct production savings toward developing new products, which can lead to bigger profits in the long run† (peakpackaging, 2012). Even though MAP and CAP had given such great impact in the industry, consumers are affected too. According to the surveys allocated, I have found out that consumers these days have very little knowledge and understanding about food packaging. They are just aware that the food is â€Å"packaged† without knowing that it could be a MAP or CAP package. About 30% of the surveyed people did not know how that the expiry date does not apply when the package is opened. â€Å"Consumers using color as single indicator of meat freshness without paying attention to expiration dates might be at risk† (cmc-cvc, 2012). Thus affecting those who are not aware of this often feel discouraged of buying the same product again if certain â€Å"incidents† happen. The consumer’s behavior during a purchase and non-purchase decision usually comes from quality, convenience and safety of the food. These three must be looked at for a consumer to be sure that it is the best and safe. When quality leads to where the consumer ask himself/herself to â€Å"is it premium? † and the costs of the food. After that it is then judged by the flavour, colour and the texture of the food product. Where Convenience easy to-, cooking or functional Shelf life and safety health and trust microbial safety of the food. Longer shelf life means greater transport opportunities. The efficiency of this slows down the respiration and delaying the production using MAP. â€Å"Lettuce, for example, can be transported across the Pacific using modified atmosphere with excellent results† (apl, 2012). The adjusted gas/air includes of a package could change during the trip because of the respiratory action of the supplies and pressure changes in the package while travelling, thus reducing its efficiency at delaying the deterioration of fresh produce food products (airproducts, 2012). CAP is better at ‘shipping’ rather than MAP. CAP is more technologically advanced process when it comes to inhibiting spoilage of food products. This specifically controls the atmosphere arrangements within the container throughout the ship’s journey. CAP can increase the shelf life of a food product by two to three times longer than any other methods. While other types of packaging methods need a person to take control of the package, CAP uses a computer system to monitor, manage and control the atmosphere in the package and make adjustments during the trip. The system also records changes in the atmospheric arrangements during a ship’s journey and provide a printout page for quality control purposes (airproducts, 2012), (apl, 2012). Using these types of packaging can reach remote places and can still be sold during its running shelf life. Such as, domestic and overseas shipping, could still reach good results seemingly that some food products can double its shelf life by using these methods. Thus the manufacturers can provide fruits, vegetables and food stuffs ultimately around the world. MAP is an individual transport where it is transported as an individual product, whereas CAP is an industrial transport where it is transported in massive amounts mainly for bigger marketplaces. Conclusion: MAP and CAP basically changed the whole concept fresh food packaging, allowing shops, stores, and sellers to market fresh foods that are ready, prepared and packed in units, rather than prepared at the back store. This method has also extended shelf-life, allowing products to endure both the delivery time to its designated place, as well as the display time in the store.

The Jimi Hendrix Experience Essay Example For Students

The Jimi Hendrix Experience Essay The Jimi Hendrix Experience released its first album in early 1967. Popular music had been leaning towards psychedelics for a couple years already and Are You Experienced? came out at about the same time as the Beatles Sergeant Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. Are You Experienced? far exceeded the Beatles triumph in complexity, capturing the essence of the late 1960s culture. Naturally the newer band did not share the immediate success of the Beatles. But its staying power has been testified to by several generations. The British version of Are You Experienced? contained a few subtle differences. Most prominent were the absence of Purple Haze and the addition of Hendrix standard Red House. Purple Haze caught fire in America after the Monterey Pop Festival and became Jimis signature song. Although it was said to have endless verses, Jimi generally sang only the shortened version from the album with a few ad lib changes. The single was sent to radio stations with a note: This song was intentionally distorted. Do not adjust. Are You Experienced?, as with most of the Experiences music, sounds heavy no matter how many times you listen to it. In actuality, the stony Purple Haze is about as close as they ever come to hard rock. The next song, Manic Depression comes in strong with the opening chords and then reveals Mitch Mitchells trademark rolling drums. It also contains another of Jimis solos worth listening to by any new or Experienced fan. We will write a custom essay on The Jimi Hendrix Experience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Chas Chandler chose the quietest song on the album to give the world its first taste of The Jimi Hendrix Experience. Its first single was Hey Joe, a song written by turn-of-the-century bluesman Billy Roberts. The first bars of Hey Joe leave no doubt that it is being handled by a master. It quickly climbed the British pop charts, topping out at number 2 behind Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. No other song written or performed by Jimi Hendrix had as much success as this one. When there are other people around, it makes you feel alive. But when you sit alone and listen to the music, every chord catches in your throat. Love or Confusion has happened upon me more than once when I was suddenly realizing the dispair of yet another relationship. If the answer to his question is not obvious during the song itself, Jimi answers it for you with his very last whisper. Love or Confusion is a wicked twister of emotion. It shakes you up and when you lose your sense of direction, it drops out from under you, leaving you to fall mercilessly to the depths of reality. Thats when May This Be Love enters to let you down easily. Mitch turns on the soft roll. Jimi sings sweetly about his waterfall. The pace picks up, getting hectic for a moment when Jimi recalls the other people in this world, with their plans. But they can do whatever it is that they do. Jimi doesnt care, and neither  do I, as long as I have my waterfall. I Dont Live Today goes through a couple of lead-in verses, but it wastes little time getting to one of the most psychedelic minutes in rock. At the apex, Jimi cries, Ah, There aint no life nowhere! When you hear it the statement is oddly comforting. The song leads out with Jimi pleading repeatedly to you: Get Experienced. If a thousand bands havent covered The Wind Cries Mary, it is out of reverence. Short and simple okay, Im not a musician, this song is like a dream. The colorful descriptions the traffic lights turn blue tomorrow. are a hint of what is to become Axis: Bold as Love the Experiences second album. .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 , .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .postImageUrl , .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 , .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071:hover , .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071:visited , .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071:active { border:0!important; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071:active , .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071 .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue23ceab30568f5b0cc835b398b7c0071:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Payola Scandal at Sony Music EssayFire was one of Jimis favorite tunes to play live. Fast paced and funky, it leaves no guessing about Jimis desires. The lyrics petrified a million middle class mothers, as it turned on their daughters. A little advice: move over, Rover. Third Stone From the Sun stands alone in rock history as the only instrumental with words. It tells the story of an alien race which comes down to check out the planet Earth Mercury Venus Earth, get it?. It sees humans for what they are and comes to a natural conclusion. Obviously a case of supreme intelligence. Anyone who is trying to master guitar effects should start and end here. Youre so foxy, you probably think this song is about you, dont you? Youre not being paranoid. You are just a Foxey Lady. And you make me feel like saying Foxey. The album closes with the title song. Once again, Jimi wants to know, Are You Experienced? If your answer is no, youve been listening to the Hendrix singles. Buy this album and a pair of headphones. It wont be long now.

Nobelium Facts - No Element

Nobelium Facts - No Element NobeliumBasic Facts Atomic Number: 102 Symbol: No Atomic Weight: 259.1009 Discovery: 1957 (Sweden) by the Nobel Institute for Physics; April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J.R. Walton, and G.T. Seaborg Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s2 5f14 Word Origin: Named for Alfred Nobel, discoverer of dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prize. Isotopes: Ten isotopes of nobelium are recognized. Nobelium-255 has a half-life of 3 minutes. Nobelium-254 has a half-life of 55-s, Nobelium-252 has a half-life of 2.3-s, and Nobelium-257 has a half-life of 23-s. Sources: Ghiorso and his colleagues used a double-recoil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95% Cm-244 and 4.5% Cm-246) with C-12 ions to produce No-102. The reaction proceeded according to the 246Cm(12C, 4n) reaction. Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth Element (Actinide Series) Nobelium Physical Data Melting Point (K): 1100 Appearance: Radioactive, synthetic metal. Atomic Radius (pm): 285 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.3 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): (640) Oxidation States: 3, 2 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Return to the Periodic Table

Social Capital Creation and Sustainable Relationship among Stakeholder Dissertation

Social Capital Creation and Sustainable Relationship among Stakeholder in Construction Business in Thailand - Dissertation Example The other objective of this study is related to the creation of sustainable relationships in between the stakeholders of the organisations operating its business in the construction industrial sector of Thailand. Hence, the previous works related to the importance of such kind of stakeholder relationships in organisations can prove to be very much helpful in conducting the present research study. In addition to this, various kinds of business relationships that can be found in an organisation with special reference to cultural relationship traits found in Southeast Asian nations and Thailand will also be discussed here. This research study will try to build a model related to social capital possessed by companies operating in the construction industry of Thailand which can prove to be advantageous for the related companies in Thailand. Therefore, this literature review will give insights to some of the existing theories and models related to social capital. All these facts will help to attain the research objectives of this study utilizing the literature review as discussed in this section. 2.2 The Importance of Social Capital Many empirical studies have been conducted regarding the importance of social capital and have been mentioned in the existing literature by different authors. A wide range of socio-economic phenomenon related to the importance of social capital can be found in many of the existing literature presented by various authors (Durlauf, 2002, pp. 1-31; Krishna, 2001, pp 71-93). Research on social capital has resulted in various theoretical debates and different empirical investigations being conducted. This again has resulted in giving a stimulus towards reconsidering facts related to human relations, organisational forms for developmental performance and life quality, networks, etc. The importance of theory related to social capital is observable because of the application of the concept of social capital in various fields and its widespread in terest amongst different organisations and its stakeholders. The existing studies and literature gives way to ample evidences regarding the political, social and economic implications of social capital. However, according to Halpern et al. (2002), there are ambiguities or misspecifications related to the models or equations that have been utilized to measure the impacts of social capital. Thus, the social and economic outcomes that arise based on the empirical evidence related to the importance and significance of social capital need to be dealt with caution. Without having a rigorous method formulated for the purpose of measuring the importance of social culture, it is not clear as to how those benefits associated with social capital can be tested or ascertained (Halpern, 2001, pp. 236-251). However, it can be found as a surprising fact that the

International Perspectives on Managing Human Resources Essay

International Perspectives on Managing Human Resources - Essay Example A further discussion will include the assessment of the job opportunities concerning the hiring system. The Chinese Government focuses on the Small and medium enterprises as this constitutes to the country’s income and revenues. The enterprises range from local establishment to international exporting industries. As such, the government formulates rigid investment policies that target to safe guard the interest of the large labor force. The government of China manages to regulate the minimal wage expectation through defined employer memorandum signed before company establishment. As a follow-up to the understanding, existing government institutions monitor company performance with intent to access the payment systems. This precedes an annual review of the memorandum terms through bills and policies enacted through specific industrial sectors. The Chinese government focuses on the employee treatment rather than investment returns among different companies. As such, the employee welfare dominates a given industrial establishment (Warner, 211). China’s HRM operates on a scale of governmental enterprises and multinational firms. China also pioneered an open door structure in the year 1978, that later gave rise the operating labor laws enacted in the 1995. The historical development reformed the Chinese human resource economy through an establishment of management customs. As such, the Chinese government selects the preferred business managers. The labor agency determines responsibility allocation within the different industrial sectors. This structural performance enables the governmental institution to regulate wage allocations and individual performance standards. As such, the Chinese government is a central unit monitoring the human resource management with intent to support the Chinese progress (Warner, 189).

Labour Party to socialism Essay Example for Free

Labour Party to socialism Essay ‘Explain the ideas and policies which link the modern Labour Party to socialism’. (10 marks) Socialism is the economic system based on cooperation rather than competition of businesses which utilizes centralized planning and redistribution of wealth. Industry is state owned and therefore companies have government monopolies on them which results in no competition. Industries are redistributed though the state to achieve a fairer society. Traditional Labour values were indeed a form of socialism as some of their core values include a large welfare state, mild redistribution of wealth through taxes and social mobility. Socialism was founded in 1789 if the modern day Labour party had the same ideologies as those of the original socialist politicians then it would be considered a far right party in today’s political spectrum. Since its origins, the principles of socialism have evolved into many different forms of itself to make it compatible with society. There are many links to many differing forms of socialism both traditional and modern in today’s Labour party. Democratic socialists i.e. Labour believe in Equality of opportunity this means that everyone has the same opportunities to maximise their potential and accomplish high positions in life no matter what their background or ethnicity, for example a labourer’s child can become a lawyer or politician if he/she desires and they will not be discriminated against. This is still one of Labour’s core values, therefore linking to traditional socialism. Another concept of democratic socialism is the redistribution of wealth an example of ‘New Labour’ doing that is increasing the amount in social housing estates, or the introduction of the ‘windfall tax’ which raised ?5billion to set up the ‘New Deal’ which helps the long term unemployed back to work through training and employment, thus giving opportunities to those who previously didnt have the skills to generate their own wealth. Traditional socialism wants radical constitutional reform e.g. democratise institutions such as the House of Lords. ‘New Labour’ does want constitutional reform such as the de-centralisation of power and mild House of Lords reform e.g. it is elected not inherited. So therefore shows that Labour does still have socialist values.

The Neurobiology of Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Biology Essays Resear

The Neurobiology of Parkinson's Disease In neuroscience it is assumed that the central nervous system governs and defines all aspects of behavior (Grobstein, 1998). Therefore, the brain, the hub of the central nervous system, is responsible for integrating all sensory and motor patterning. To understand the mechanisms of neurobiology it is often useful to observe the nervous system at the level of the neuron. Integration and communication between neurons is facilitated by neurotransmitters, chemicals which act as intermediaries at the synaptic gap (Delcomyn, 1998). Many behavioral disorders have a neurochemical basis, oftentimes associated with abnormal neurotransmitter activity. These abnormalities are thought to stem from interactions between genetics and the environment. One of these disorders is Parkinson's Disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by a deficit in the neurotransmitter dopamine (NHGRI, 1998). Parkinson's Disease affects more than a million Americans a year and is distributed equally geographically, in both men and women, and between socio-economic classes (PD Web, 1998). Although the probability of developing the disease is somewhat equal in all populations, recent studies have shown that African-Americans and Asians are less likely to exhibit Parkinson's symptoms than those of European descent (PD Web, 1998). It was first formally identified by British physician James Parkinson in 1817 as "The Shaking Palsy", however, it is thought that the disease has been around for thousands of years. Described as early as 5000 B.C. in the Indian Ayurvedic medicinal tradition and in the Nei Jing, the first Chinese medical text 2500 years ago, Parkinson's disease has been a constant cha... ...ces Consulted: 1)Awakenings. 1998. Parkinson's Disease, Treatment Options. http://www.parkinsondisease.com/ 2)Cosgrove, G.R. 1998. Neurosurgery Web Page. Practical Information Regarding Stereotactic Pallidotomy for Parkinson's Disease. http://www.neurosurgery.mgh.harvard.edu/pd-pract.html 3)Delcomyn, F. 1998. Foundations of Neurobiology. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. 4)Grobstein, P. 1998. Neurobiology and Behavior Lectures, Bryn Mawr College. 5)National Human Genome Research Institute. 1998. Parkinson's Disease- Research News. http://www.genome.gov/DIR/LGDR/PARK2/background_info.html 6)National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. NINDS Hope Through Research. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/healinfo/disorder/parkinso/pdhtr.htm 7)PD Web: Parkinson's Disease Website. 1998. http://www.pdweb.mgh.harvard.edu/IntroPD/Intro.html

Cultural History of Rap Essay

Public Enemy opens the track with â€Å"Cant Truss It† in a rap merge with Flavor Flav who shouts â€Å"Confusion† their voices paralleled over the heavy and energetic baselines. Even though the song speaks about slavery as rapped by Chuck D about the legacy of slavery, the opening rhymes could as well be used to describe the cultural history of rap music (Rose 272). While there is widespread perception that rap culture is nothing but a noisy and confusing genre of music that has crept into contemporary America’s culture, there are those who posit that rap is an educational tool, as a component of the hip hop culture it is a way of life, a representation of social activism and a music genre with deep social undertones that are drawn from its identifiable origins. Any discussion on the aesthetic edge of rap cannot be made unless a critical analysis is done of the sequential developments in rap music. Never even in its tutelage did rap gain the adoration of the larger populace. The obstacles it faced as it grew from its roots to achieve its present status are so many that it would be a great disservice to take a criticism leaning on the concept of aesthetic edge to disregard rap and pronounce it dead. Initially rap music was regarded as a passing fad that was nothing but a playful and ephemeral expression of black culture whose origins could be traced to the musical energies of the black urban teens. Wynston Marshalis dismissed hip hop as nothing but adolescent â€Å"ghetto minstresly† (Dyon xv). When it was realized that rap as a form of music was meant to stay longer than it had been expected, it received a novel christening that permanently fixed it as a form of music played by and for black ghetto youths. It is at this point that reactions against rap became transformed from dismissal to denigration and it was commonplace to hear attacks from both the white and black quarters. Trying to chart the origins or rap music as a form of cultural expression is very tricky because we are either forced to accept that the cultural foundation existed but only gained expression through rap or view rap as an independent cultural facet that spontaneously erupted without deep cultural roots from where it had existed way before it gained wide applause or derision. However, for the sake of charting the cultural history of rap and pinning it to what critics say about the music genre, it can be conclusively said that the first instance of rap could be traced to the revolutionary verse that was done by Gil Scott-Heron and the Last Poets. Pigmeat Markham followed next with â€Å"Here Come de Judge,† to Bessie Smith rapping along to the beats in her blues (Keyes 17; Forman & Neal 61). For the purposes of pinpointing the origins of rap, it is also prudent to cite that Rap existed in some ancient African oral traditions and consequently in contemporary African American cultural practices. Specifically, modern cultural history of rap begins in 1979, with Sugarhill Gang rapping in the song â€Å"Rapper’s Delight†. These early cases were mostly underground rap forms. Underground rap was viewed as the signal breaker and what followed next was the birth of hip hop and the beginning of the global popularity of rap music. Usually the first stage in production of rap music was the record production where the artist would place their rhythmic repetitive speech over known black music hits which were mostly R&B rhythms that were well known. This stage would later on transform with the help of advanced technical virtuosity through drum machines, instrumentation and the sampling of existing records so as to make rap a form of music that was creatively symbolic(Forman & Neal 61; Keyes 122). Despite all these changes rap was still limited to the inner city neighborhoods, especially in at its cradle; the New York City. Artists like Cold Rush Brothers, Africa Bambataa, Kurtis Blow, Busty Bee, Kool Moe Dee, Funky 4 plus 1, Grandmaster Mel and DJ Kool Herc, began actively experimenting with this new music genre as well as proclaiming its African roots (Keyes 17). Its development was thus marked by the description and analysis of the social, political and economic factors that stimulated its emergence and consequent developments. Such factors included police brutality, drug addiction, teen pregnancy coupled to a variety of cases of material deprivation. A notable case is Kurtis Blow’s lyrics in â€Å"Those are the Breaks†, and the â€Å"Message† a song merges between The Furious Five and Grandmaster Flash. These songs pictured the hues existent in the social misery as well as the stains that could be observed as profoundly reminiscent of urban catastrophe. A rendition of the â€Å"Message† was as follows; â€Å"You’ll grow up in the ghetto living second rate/ And your eyes will sing a song of deep hate/ The places you play and where you stay, / Looks like one great alleyway/ You’ll admire all the number book takers/ Thus, pimps, and pushers and the big money makers/ Drivin’ big cars, spending like a jungle sometimes/ It makes me wonder how I keep from goin’ under. † (Forman & Neal 62) This song together with Flash’s â€Å"New York, New York† became the pioneers of the social awakening that characterizes rap music in combination with musical creation, social protest and cultural expression (Forman & Neal 62). Kool Herc who was a Jamaican DJ in the Bronx is credited with revolutionizing the rhythms in rap. Herc had a unique style of deejaying where rhymes could be recited over instrumentals. In places where he was deejaying such as house parties, he would rap on the microphone while involving a variety of the in-house references. These duplicates of house parties where Herc was deejaying quickly diffused to Manhattan and Brooklyn and followers of rap music began to grow in number (Keyes 40; Adaso 1). Next stage of growth was the increment in financial fortunes from rappers. However, at the background there were still beliefs that rap was nothing but an epiphenomenol cultural activity that would with time wane off after the youth became bored or acquired a different diversion in life just like what had happened to graffiti art and break dancing. But the growth of groups such as the Run-DMC rap group entrenched rap as an independent sphere of an expression of art that increasingly took control of its destiny. Run-DMC became the progenitor of the modern form of rap that is basically a creative integration of diverse musical elements, social commentary and uncompromising cultural identification. This strong integration pushed rap into the mainstream of American culture as well as securing its future as a music genre that has a clearly identifiable tradition. The commercial and critical success that Run-DMC accomplished almost single handedly, pushed rap music into American homes by being certified gold, being featured on MTV as well as being the first rap album(Raising Hell in 1987) to go triple platinum(Keyes 67). Moreover, with the song â€Å"Proud to be Black† they intoned unabashed racial pride that was missing in those days of chronic racial discrimination. It can also be said that it was at this time in the cultural history that Run-DMC acting like a self proclaimed ambassador of rap music began to concentrate its characteristic subversive cultural didacticism to address issues of racism, classism, urban pain, and social neglect. In rap concerts, rappers engaged in ritualistic refusals to abide by the censoring of speech. The concert also acted as space for cultural resistance, loosening the strictures that Blacks were subjected to through demoralizing condemnation and tyrannizing surveillance. The latter actions by the hegemonies white ruling class only served to muffle cultural creativity and self expression. Based on these developments rap music became a strong social force fighting for their civil rights and liberties. Commercial success was instrumental in pushing rap music to the mainstream American culture on one hand but on the other, another charge was levied on rap music: that rap expressed and promoted violence. A notable personality, Tipper Gore has often retained his repeated stance that rap music only appeals to those kids who are angry, disillusioned and unloved. He posits that rap tells them that it is okay to engage in violence. To this day there is a popular perception that there exists an intimate linkage between rap music and the violence exhibited in the social arena especially by Latino and black inner city youth. However, much people may try to substantiate these claims, they are merely side shows and have nothing to do with the deep understanding of rap as a genre of music as well as a cultural and historical identity of the American people. There are countless numbers of rappers who have spoken against violence. On point is rapper KRS-One on his track titled, â€Å"Stop the Violence† in the top selling album of 1989, â€Å"Self Destruction†. In the track KRS-One raps that violence predates rap and is therefore not a characteristic of rap music. He urges a stop of black on black violence as it only erodes the social and communal fabric that had for decades debased inner cities where blacks resided across America (Forman & Neal 66). Despite the potency of the message that KRS-One put across, categorically negative images in against rap have persisted. In a nutshell, rap music is emblematic of the existence of glacial shifts in aesthetic sensibilities that have for decades progressed as blacks moved from one generation to the next with regard to the severity of economic barriers that have been at play in the movement from the ghetto life to middle or upper middle class blacks. Fortunately, these negative perceptions of rap have led to the development of a fierce competitive steak among rappers and hence their continual transcendence across boundaries to global markets. It is upon this developments that rap modeled the modern definition of hip hop which opines that it is a form of music comprised of emceeing and deejaying coupled with graffiti and break dancing. These are the four components of hip hop that catapulted it to its current big business nature. As this evolution progresses other components like clothing trend, lifestyle, slang and the general mindset are becoming more and more incorporated into the hip hop culture. In differentiating rap and hip hop it can be said that rap is a genre of music in the hip hop culture. Hip hop is a lifestyle complete with its own dress codes and lingo. To borrow the words of KRS-One, hip hop defines how you life while rap is definitive of what you (Adaso 1; Cheryl Keyes interview with KRS-One). Therefore, as a product of decades cross cultural integration with deep roots in the African culture, African oral tradition and consequently African American tradition, it is deeply weaved into the social fabric that pronouncing it dead based on the basis of aesthetic edge is simply parochial. First, it is prudent to understand the cultural developments of rap music because it is only in such an understanding that it becomes considerably plausible to attribute lack of aestheticity in its present forms. In context, rap music brings together so many complex social, economic, cultural and political issues. Its contradictory articulations are neither signs of losing the aesthetic edge nor signs of the absence of intellectual clarity. As stated in the beginning of this discourse, the obstacles that rap has survived to become what it is today are may and variable. Therefore, the contradictory articulations that are existent today are but common features of cultural dialogues that not unidirectional but multi directional in that they include the social, cultural and political contexts that define the everyday struggles over pleasure, resources and meanings in the environment where we live and interact(Rose 274). Rap music is a cultural expression that is a preserve of the black community since it prioritizes black voices living in the inner cities of urban America. It is highly rhythmic with a very strong storytelling component. The music is basically electronically based. These are some of the characteristic features of rap music. It is upon these tenets that rap music should be judged so as to form an opinion on its relevance. Rapping which is currently embedded on the powerful technological, industrial as well as ideological institutions usually involve the telling of long and sometimes abstract stories that are necessary in passing the information to the wider audience. Memorable phrases and rhymes that are themselves black sound bite packaged in an ever changing black slang. In essence, rap music wizards, all sounds, images, icons and ideas for recontextualization, mockery, pun and celebration. All these characteristics lie at the core of rap and are therefore definitive of it. In his book, Hip Hop Matters, Watkins, quotes David Samuels who asserts that â€Å"rap has forfeited whatever claim it may have has to particularly by acquiring a mainstream white audience whose taste increasingly determined the nature of the form. What whites wanted was not music, but black music, which as a result stopped really being either† (85). This statement confirms that rap has lost its aesthetic edge because owing to its origins that clearly defined the cultural difference between white and black music, such a divide was broken by rappers like Eminem who symbolized the first breakage of that division. The fact that Eminem rose to a celebrity status despite his white background also confirms that from the earlier days when rap was a preserve for only the black kids, rap has revolutionized and rewritten the racial and cultural history of America. This assertion can be counterbalanced by the fact that the existence and the inevitability of social change cannot be used as a reason to proclaim that rap has completely lost its aesthetic edge. Moreover, the American landscape has changed both socially, economically, politically and culturally. Days when white hegemonies and racial discrimination have gone by. There cannot be a greater explanation for the political changes than the mere fact that a Black president is occupying the white house. In introducing the book, Know What I Mean, by Dyson rapper JZ reiterates the socio-economic underpinnings that defined his life as he grew on the tough streets of Detroit. These conditions of life opened up his mind to the benefits of learning. He could have become a teacher at Baltimore to show the young kids the benefits of leaning just like Tupac had been shown that there existed a power in knowledge and understanding a people’s history (Dyson ix). He further points out that hip hop are not only Black American but American as well. It is correct in the context of cultural discourses to pinpoint forms of music that are termed as rap and are indeed not. Nas’ assertion that hip hop is dead is welcome as it denotes artistic vigilance. Moreover, Nas forms the caliber of rappers who have maintained the original style and content of rap music. As a rapper he has come into contact with a variety of musicians who are not driven by the basic nature of the rapper to use music as a form of activism against social ills. In his book, Dyson describes Nas as one of his generation who is not illiterate, destructive or materialistic, a man who read for passion, pleasure and intellectual stimulation (iv). At the core, rap music can never be called rap without an examination and acceptance of its true nature in the social fabric of America’s landscape. According to Nas, hip hop is dead is a title he used for his album because he felt that unlike in the historical past, people no longer have political voices. Speaking in an interview with MTV, he said, â€Å"When I say ‘hip-hop is dead’, basically America is dead. There is no political voice. Music is dead †¦ Our way of thinking is dead, our commerce is dead. Everything in this society has been done. It’s like a slingshot, where you throw the m- back and it starts losing speed and is about to fall down. That’s where we are as a country †¦ what I mean by ‘hip-hop is dead’ is we’re at a vulnerable state. If we don’t change, we gonna disappear like Rome. I think hip-hop could help rebuild America, once hip-hoppers own hip-hop †¦ We are our own politicians, our own government, we have something to say† (MTV. com) In another interview Nas said that he used the title as a way of engendering reaction from other artists which like he expected happened. Nas blamed the hip hop world especially those in the South for reducing the quality of rap with sub genres like snap music and crunk. Such productions were ideally an affront to Nas’ street credibility. It is aspect of street credibility that Keyes refers to as street consciousness. A critical analysis of the lyrical content as well as the social message in many of today’s rap hits confirms Nas’ assertion that hip hop is dead. The noble quest for social voice that had existed in the past has been replaced with a music genre that is solely driven towards material possession and the pleasures that accompany such acquisitions of wealth. In another interview he could not be more exact, he said that rappers were simply monkeying around and just scrambling for attention. As a counter attack to the notion that hip hop has lost its aesthetic edge, Young Jeezy, Ludacris, Lil Wayne and Kanye West scoffed at the assertions made by Nas. Specifically, Ludacris intoned that hip hop ain’t dead that it was indeed living in the South. Saying that it was the South keeping it alive, he added that hip hop is what you make it to be. Moreover, they believed that due to the booming South, saying that hip hop is dead does not make sense as the south would have been dead too(http://tbohiphop. net). According to Keyes, Rap music if a forum used by rappers to address economic and political disfranchisement of youths especially black youths, it fosters ethnic pride, displays cultural values and aesthetics. At the core rap is artists, the themes they portray and the variation of styles in the portrayal of these themes as a sure reflection of urban life and street consciousness values and aesthetics. Therefore as countries, cultures and cultural components change and socially restructure, there is going to be a continual transformation across cultures and not even rap music can escape such an onslaught. However, a dominant cultural force like rap genre can never be erased. There are core components that will forever define and differentiate rap music from other musical genres. Works Cited Dyson, E. Michael. Know What I Mean? Reflections on Hip Hop. Westview Press, 2007 Forman, M. & Neal, A. Mark. That’s the joint! the hip-hop studies reader. Routledge Press. 2004 Keyes, L. Cheryl. Rap Music and Street Consciousness. University of Illinois Press. 2004 Rose, Tricia. Voices from the Margins: Rap Music and Contemporary Cultural Production. In Popular Culture in American History. By Jim Cullen. Blackwell Publishing, 2001 Watkins, C. Samuel. Hip Hop Matters: Politics, Pop Culture, and the Struggle for the Soul of a Movement. Beacon Press, 2005 Websites Adaso, H. A Brief History of Hip-Hop and Rap. http://rap. about. com/od/rootsofraphiphop/p/RootsOfRap. htm Is Hip-Hop Dead? Luda, Big Boi Disagree With Nas. http://tbohiphop. net/is-hip-hop-dead-luda-big-boi-disagree-with-nas/18/ MTV. NAS Interview, â€Å"Hip-Hop Is Dead†. MTV. com

The Death of Queen Victoria and Her Era

Queen Victoria was the second-longest reigning British monarch in history, ruling the United Kingdom from 1837 to 1901. Her death on Jan. 22, 1901, at age 81 was mourned around the world and signaled an end to the Victorian Era. Queen Victoria Dies For months, Queen Victorias health had been failing. She had lost her appetite and started looking frail and thin. She would tire more easily and would often have bouts of confusion. Then, on January 17, the queens health took a severe turn for the worse. When she woke up, her personal physician, Dr. James Reid, noticed that the left side of her face had started to sag. Also, her speech had become slightly slurred. She had suffered one of several small strokes. By the following day, the queens health was worse. She stayed in bed all day, unaware of who was by her bedside. Early in the morning of Jan. 19, Queen Victoria seemed to rally. She asked Dr. Reid if she was better, to which he assured her that she was. But she quickly slipped out of consciousness again. It had become obvious to Dr. Reid that Queen Victoria was dying. He summoned her children and grandchildren. At 6:30 p.m. on Jan. 22 Queen Victoria died, surrounded by her family, at the Osborne House on the Isle of Wight. Preparing the Coffin Queen Victoria had left very detailed instructions as to how she wanted her funeral. This included specific things she wanted inside her coffin. Many of the items were from her beloved husband, Albert, who had died in 1861. On January 25, Dr. Reid carefully placed the items Queen Victoria had requested in the bottom of her coffin: Alberts dressing gown, a plaster cast of Alberts hand, and photographs. When that was done, Queen Victorias body was lifted into the coffin with the help of her son Albert (the new king), her grandson William (the German Kaiser), and her son Arthur (the Duke of Connaught). Then, as instructed, Dr. Reid helped place Queen Victorias wedding veil over her face and, once the others had departed, placed a picture of her favorite personal attendant John Brown in her right hand, which he covered with flowers. When all was ready, the coffin was closed and then carried to the dining room where it was covered with the Union Jack (Britains flag) while the body lay in state. The Funeral Procession On February 1, Queen Victorias coffin was moved from Osborne House and placed on the ship Alberta, which carried the queens coffin across the Solent to Portsmouth. On February 2, the coffin was transported by train to Victoria Station in London. From Victoria to Paddington, the queens coffin was carried by gun carriage, since Queen Victoria had requested a military funeral. She had also wanted a white funeral, so the gun carriage was pulled by eight white horses. The streets along the funeral route were crowded with spectators who wanted to get a last glimpse of the queen. As the carriage passed by everyone remained silent. All that could be heard were the clattering of the horses hooves, the jangling of swords, and the distant boom of gun salutes. Once at Paddington, the queens coffin was placed on a train and taken to Windsor. At Windsor, the coffin was again placed on a gun carriage pulled by white horses. This time, however, the horses began to act up and were so unruly that they broke their harness. Since the front of the funeral procession was unaware of the problem, they had already marched up Windsor Street before they were stopped and turned around. Quickly, alternate arrangements had to be made. The naval guard of honor found a communication cord and turned it into an impromptu harness and the sailors themselves then pulled the queens funeral carriage. Queen Victorias coffin was then placed in St. Georges Chapel at Windsor Castle, where it remained in the Albert Memorial Chapel for two days under guard. Burial of Queen Victoria On the evening of February 4, Queen Victorias coffin was taken by gun carriage to Frogmore Mausoleum, which she had built for her beloved Albert upon his death. Above the mausoleums doors, Queen Victoria had inscribed, Vale desideratissime. Farewell most beloved. Here at length I shall rest with thee, with thee in Christ I shall rise again.